使用超声波传感器 HC-SR04 和 Arduino 设备的声纳系统物联网项目

2025年4月25日 | 阅读 4 分钟

让我们使用超声波 HC-SR04 设备和 Arduino (Arduino UNO) 构建一个声纳系统的物联网项目。声纳系统检测在其范围内（角度和距离）出现的物体，并在笔记本电脑 (显示器) 屏幕上显示其外观。声纳使用声波通过物体的回声原理。

硬件要求

Arduino UNO 开发板
Arduino UNO 的 USB 数据线连接器
超声波 HC-SR04
跳线，公对母
微型伺服电机 SG90

软件要求

Arduino 软件
处理软件

声纳系统的工作原理

超声波 HC-SR04 以 40,000Hz 的频率发射超声波，该超声波在空气中传播。如果其路径中有物体或障碍物，则声波会与物体碰撞并反射回超声波模块。物体的角度和距离会显示在屏幕（显示器）上。

在这个项目中，我们使用 Processing 应用程序来显示声纳范围。

在为声纳系统编写程序之前，请先查看使用 Arduino 的超声波传感器 HC-SR04 和距离计算，我们在其中提供了超声波设备的工作原理。

编写一个 Arduino 程序，使用超声波 HC-SR04 测量距离并旋转伺服电机。

#include <Servo.h>
const int trigPin = 8;
const int echoPin = 9;
long duration; //declare time duration
int distance;  //declare distance
Servo myServo; // Object servo

void setup() {
  pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // trigPin as an output
  pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // echoPin as an input
  Serial.begin(9600);
  myServo.attach(10); // pin connected to Servo
}

void loop() {
  // rotating servo i++ depicts increment of one degree
  for(int i=0;i<=180;i++){  
  myServo.write(i);
  delay(30);
  distance = calculateDistance();
  Serial.print(i); 
  Serial.print(","); 
  Serial.print(distance); 
  Serial.print(".");
  }
  // Repeats the previous lines from 180 to 0 degrees
  for(int i=180;i>0;i--){  
  myServo.write(i);
  delay(30);
  distance = calculateDistance();
  Serial.print(i);
  Serial.print(",");
  Serial.print(distance);
  Serial.print(".");
  }
}

int calculateDistance(){ 
  digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW); 
  delayMicroseconds(2);
  // Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
  digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH); 
  delayMicroseconds(10);
  digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
  duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH); 
  distance= duration*0.034/2;
  return distance;
}

编译您的代码。

IoT project of Sonar system using Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 and Arduino device

现在，使用 Arduino USB 连接器将 Arduino 设备连接到您的个人计算机，并上传程序。

数字电路图

超声波传感器 HC-SR04 Arduino UNO
VCC --------------------------------> 5v
Trig --------------------------------> 引脚 8
Echo --------------------------------> 引脚 9
GND --------------------------------> GND

微型伺服电机 SG90 Arduino UNO
橙色线 ----------------------> 引脚 10
红色线 ----------------------> 3.3v
棕色线 ----------------------> GND

现在，将风扇较大的部分放置在伺服电机的旋转轮上。将您的超声波设备放在伺服电机上以使其旋转（您可以使用双面胶带）。

在 Processing IDE 中测试以下代码并运行它。当物体进入超声波设备的范围时，Processing IDE 会显示物体的角度距离。

import processing.serial.*;
import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
import java.io.IOException;
Serial myPort;// defubes variables
String angle="";
String distance="";
String data="";
String noObject;
float pixsDistance;
int iAngle, iDistance;
int index1=0;
int index2=0;
PFont orcFont;
void setup() {
  size (1366, 768);
  smooth();
  myPort = new Serial(this,"COM3", 9600); // change this accordingly
  myPort.bufferUntil('.'); // reads the data from the serial port up to the character ?.?. So actually it reads this: angle,distance.
}
void draw() {
  fill(98,245,31);
  // simulating motion blur and slow fade of the moving line
  noStroke();
  fill(0,4);
  rect(0, 0, width, height-height*0.065);
  fill(98,245,31); // green color
  // calls the functions for drawing the radar
  drawRadar();
  drawLine();
  drawObject();
  drawText();
}
void serialEvent (Serial myPort) { // starts reading data from the Serial Port
// reads the data from the Serial Port up to the character ?.? and puts it into the String variable ?data?.
  data = myPort.readStringUntil('.');
  data = data.substring(0,data.length()-1);
  index1 = data.indexOf(","); // find the character ?,? and puts it into the variable ?index1?
  angle= data.substring(0, index1); // read the data from position ?0? to position of the variable index1 or thats the value of the angle the Arduino Board sent into the Serial Port
  distance= data.substring(index1+1, data.length()); // read the data from position ?index1? to the end of the data pr thats the value of the distance
  // converts the String variables into Integer
  iAngle = int(angle);
  iDistance = int(distance);
}
void drawRadar() {
  pushMatrix();
  translate(width/2,height-height*0.074); // moves the starting coordinats to new location
  noFill();
  strokeWeight(2);
  stroke(98,245,31);
  // draws the arc lines
  arc(0,0,(width-width*0.0625),(width-width*0.0625),PI,TWO_PI);
  arc(0,0,(width-width*0.27),(width-width*0.27),PI,TWO_PI);
  arc(0,0,(width-width*0.479),(width-width*0.479),PI,TWO_PI);
  arc(0,0,(width-width*0.687),(width-width*0.687),PI,TWO_PI);
  // draws the angle lines
  line(-width/2,0,width/2,0);
  line(0,0,(-width/2)*cos(radians(30)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(30)));
  line(0,0,(-width/2)*cos(radians(60)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(60)));
  line(0,0,(-width/2)*cos(radians(90)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(90)));
  line(0,0,(-width/2)*cos(radians(120)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(120)));
  line(0,0,(-width/2)*cos(radians(150)),(-width/2)*sin(radians(150)));
  line((-width/2)*cos(radians(30)),0,width/2,0);
  popMatrix();
}
void drawObject() {
  pushMatrix();
  translate(width/2,height-height*0.074); // moves the starting coordinats to new location
  strokeWeight(9);
  stroke(255,10,10); // red color
  pixsDistance = iDistance*((height-height*0.1666)*0.025); // covers the distance from the sensor from cm to pixels
  // limiting the range to 40 cms
  if(iDistance<40){
    // draws the object according to the angle and the distance
    line(pixsDistance*cos(radians(iAngle)),-pixsDistance*sin(radians(iAngle)),(width-width*0.505)*cos(radians(iAngle)),-(width-width*0.505)*sin(radians(iAngle)));
  }
  popMatrix();
}
void drawLine() {
  pushMatrix();
  strokeWeight(9);
  stroke(30,250,60);
  translate(width/2,height-height*0.074); // moves the starting coordinats to new location
  line(0,0,(height-height*0.12)*cos(radians(iAngle)),-(height-height*0.12)*sin(radians(iAngle))); // draws the line according to the angle
  popMatrix();
}
void drawText() { // draws the texts on the screen
  pushMatrix();
  if(iDistance>40) {
    noObject = "Out of Range";
  }
  else {
    noObject = "In Range";
  }
  fill(0,0,0);
  noStroke();
  rect(0, height-height*0.0648, width, height);
  fill(98,245,31);
  textSize(25);
  text("10cm",width-width*0.3854,height-height*0.0833);
  text("20cm",width-width*0.281,height-height*0.0833);
  text("30cm",width-width*0.177,height-height*0.0833);
  text("40cm",width-width*0.0729,height-height*0.0833);
  textSize(40);
  text("Angle: " + iAngle +" ?", width-width*0.78, height-height*0.0277);
  text("Distance: ", width-width*0.36, height-height*0.0277);
  if(iDistance<40) {
    text(" " + iDistance +" cm", width-width*0.225, height-height*0.0277);
  }
  textSize(25);
  fill(98,245,60);
  translate((width-width*0.4994)+width/2*cos(radians(30)),(height-height*0.0907)-width/2*sin(radians(30)));
  rotate(-radians(-60));
  text("30?",0,0);
  resetMatrix();
  translate((width-width*0.503)+width/2*cos(radians(60)),(height-height*0.0888)-width/2*sin(radians(60)));
  rotate(-radians(-30));
  text("60?",0,0);
  resetMatrix();
  translate((width-width*0.507)+width/2*cos(radians(90)),(height-height*0.0833)-width/2*sin(radians(90)));
  rotate(radians(0));
  text("90?",0,0);
  resetMatrix();
  translate(width-width*0.513+width/2*cos(radians(120)),(height-height*0.07129)-width/2*sin(radians(120)));
  rotate(radians(-30));
  text("120?",0,0);
  resetMatrix();
  translate((width-width*0.5104)+width/2*cos(radians(150)),(height-height*0.0574)-width/2*sin(radians(150)));
  rotate(radians(-60));
  text("150?",0,0);
  popMatrix();
}

现在，运行您的处理应用程序，并将物体（笔）放置在超声波设备的前面。当伺服电机旋转并且物体进入超声波设备的范围时，物体就会出现在显示屏上。物体的存在用红色标记标记，如果在超声波设备的范围内没有任何物体，则处理应用程序会显示绿色标记。

下一主题物联网温度、压力和测量 Arduino 设备

使用超声波传感器 HC-SR04 和 Arduino 设备的声纳系统物联网项目

硬件要求

软件要求

声纳系统的工作原理

数字电路图

联系信息

关注我们

教程

面试题

在线编译器

Python

Java

.Net Framework

AI, ML and Data Science

Cloud Technology

B.Tech and MCA

Web Technology

PHP

Software Testing

Technical Interview

Java Interview

Python

Web Interview

Database Interview

B.Tech / MCA

Important Interview

Software Testing Interview

Company Interviews

Online Compilers

Multiple Choice Questions

物联网 (IoT)

架构 & 领域

物联网设备

物联网平台

沟通

物联网 + Arduino

选择题

其他

使用超声波传感器 HC-SR04 和 Arduino 设备的声纳系统物联网项目

硬件要求

软件要求

声纳系统的工作原理

数字电路图

相关帖子

使用蓝牙控制家庭照明

蓝牙模块 LED 控制器

Google Firebase 使用 NodeMCU 控制 LED

Google Firebase NodeMCU

Google Firebase 使用 Android App 控制 LED

超声波传感器距离计算

温度、压力测量

使用 NodeMCU Relay WiFi 控制灯光

温度、压力和高度测量

订阅 Tpoint Tech

联系信息

关注我们

教程

面试题

在线编译器