使用 TikZ 的框图

17 Mar 2025 | 4 分钟阅读

Tikz 被定义为一种语言对，用于从代数或几何描述生成矢量图形。流行的 Tikz 环境也用于 Latex 宏包。 Tikz 解释器支持后端中的多个 Tex 输出。以下是一些用于创建块的命令

\node 命令用于绘制块并提及块的位置。
\draw 命令用于绘制不同样式的线条。
\tikzset 命令用于设置块的规范。
\usetikzlibrary 是用于在程序中实现定位系统的库。

Tikz 环境编写为

\begin{tikzpicture}
.....
\end{tikzpicture}

让我们以模拟通信系统的框图为例。下面给出了使用 Tikz 创建简单块结构的代码

\documentclass[tikz,border=4mm]{standalone} % specifies the border
\usetikzlibrary{positioning,fit,calc} % used for the efficient working of the positioning system
\tikzset{block/.style={draw, thick, text width=3cm, minimum height=1.5cm, align=center}, 
% the align command is used to align the block diagram at the center
% the height command adjust the height of the block diagram
% here block diagram refers to the whole diagram, not the single block
% the thick command here signifies the border of all the blocks used inside the block diagram. You can change it to thin command if you want the thin edge of the blocks
line/.style={-latex}   % the lesser the width the greater will be the diagram window
}
\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}
  \node[block] (a) {Source};
  \node[block,right=of a] (b) {Transmitter}; % these are the name of the blocks
  % you can use as many blocks by specifying the name and alphabets
  \node[block,right=of b] (c) {Channel};
  \node[block,right=of c] (d) {Reciever};
  \node[block,right=of d] (e) {Destination};
  \node[block] (f) at ([yshift=-3cm]$(b)!1.0!(c)$) {Noise}; 
  % the yshift here specifies the shift in the position of the point on the y-axis. You can change the location according to the requirements.
  % the value mentioned is the distance from (b) to (c). If the value is 0.5, then the block will be at the center of (b) and (c).
  \node[draw,inner xsep=4mm,inner ysep=7mm,fit=(a)(b),label={100:P}](g){}; % it is used to draw the box outside the combination of blocks. Here a block will be drawn outside the block (a) and (b). The xsep and ysep are the dimensions for the box. The label command here is used to set the location of the name of the outer A and B blocks.
  \node[draw,inner xsep=4mm,inner ysep=7mm,fit=(d)(e),label={80:Q}]{};
  
  \draw[line] (a)-- (b);
  \draw[line] (b)-- (c);
  \draw[line] (f) -- (c); % you can change the location of the line to north, west, etc. depending on your requirements.
  \draw[line] (c)-- (d); % -- signifies the line between the two blocks (c) and (d).
 \draw[line] (d)-- (e);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

在 % 之后编写的文本只是为了您更好地理解。 Latex 会忽略在 % 字符之后编写的文本。

输出也将以默认的灰色背景颜色显示。

输出

$Block Diagram using TikZ$

其他复杂的示例使用与上述讨论相同的命令。

下面给出了此类示例的代码

\documentclass[tikz, border=5mm]{standalone} 
\usetikzlibrary{positioning, fit, calc} 
\tikzset{block/.style={draw, thick, text width=2cm ,minimum height=1.3cm, align=center}, 
line/.style={-latex}   
}
\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}
\node[block] (a) {A};
\node[block,right=of a] (b) {B}; 
\node[block,right=of b] (c) {C};
\node[block,right=of c] (d) {D}; % the commands used for the different location of different blocks
  \node[block] (e) at ([yshift=-2cm]$(b)!0.5!(c)$) {E}; 
  \node[block] (f) at ([yshift=-2cm]$(c)!0.5!(d)$) {F}; 
  \node[block] (g) at ([yshift=2cm]$(c)!0.5!(d)$) {G}; 
  \node[block] (h) at ([yshift=2cm]$(b)!1.0!(b)$) {H}; 
  \draw[line] (a)-- (b);
  \draw[line] (b)-- (c);
  \draw[line] (c)-- (d);
  \draw[line] (e)-- (f);
  \draw[line] (g)-- (h);
  \draw[line] (f)-- (g);
  \draw[line] (a.east) -- (e.west);
  \draw[line] (h)-- (b);
  \draw[line] (f.east) -- (d.south);
  
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

使用的命令简单易懂，易于实现。

输出

$Block Diagram using TikZ$

您可以根据需要绘制任何模式的框图。

颜色填充

您还可以在特定框图的块中填充颜色。让我们考虑一个例子

\documentclass[tikz, border=5mm]{standalone} 
\usetikzlibrary{positioning, fit, calc} 
\usepackage{xcolor}
\tikzset{block/.style={draw, thick, text width=2cm , minimum height=1.3cm, align=center}, 
line/.style={-latex}   
}
\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}
\node[block, fill=olive] (a) {A};
\node[block,right=of a, fill=yellow] (b) {B}; 
\node[block,right=of b, fill= gray] (c) {C};
\node[block, fill=purple] (d) at ([yshift=-2cm]$(a)!0.5!(b)$) {D};
\node[block, fill= orange] (e) at ([yshift=-2cm]$(b)!0.5!(c)$) {E};
\node[draw, fill=pink, fill opacity=0.5,inner xsep=5mm,inner
     ysep=6mm,fit=(d)(e),label={130:A}](f){}; % here label command is used to label the block, which covers block D and E.
\draw[line] (a)-- (b);
\draw[line] (b)-- (c);
\draw[line] (d)-- (e);
\draw[line] (e)-- ($(b)!0.5!(c)$);
\draw[line] (d)-- ($(a)!0.5!(b)$);

\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

在这里，我们对所有块进行了着色。您可以根据自己的选择修改颜色。您还可以根据需要对所有或部分块进行着色。

输出