动名词和不定式

2024年10月21日 | 阅读 12 分钟

动名词和不定式在英语中经常使用。动名词和不定式通常被称为动词补语。它们可以是陈述句的主语或宾语。

Gerunds and Infinitives

什么是动名词?

动名词是动词的 ing(现在分词)形式,用作名词,指代活动而非人或物。任何动作动词都可以构成动名词。

什么是不定式?

英语语法中的不定式包含“to + 动词”,可以用作陈述句的主语或宾语,但后者要少得多。

但是,一个人怎么知道什么时候应该使用不定式,什么时候应该使用动名词呢?下面列出的五个简单规则无疑会很有帮助!

不定式是一种以“to”开头的动词形式。

例如,“to do”、“to rest”、“to enjoy”和“to make”。必须修改最基本的动词形式以适应句子。

例如,“She rests”不再包含动词“to rest”的不定式。相反,它已被更改为动词“to rest”的第三人称单数现在时形式:rests。不定式很简单!

动名词呢?

动名词是另一种选择。动名词是通过在动词后添加“-ing”来形成的,例如“sitting”、“painting”或“fishing”。然而,它们不是现在时或过去进行时中的“-ing”动词形式。动名词和名词看起来相同。但是,它们是作为名词使用的动词形式。

在两个不同的句子中考虑动词“to rest”的不定式

I am resting.

这是现在进行时。“Resting”是这里动词的一部分。这不是动名词。第二个句子如下:

I dislike resting.

这是一个现在时简单句,带有一个动名词。“Resting”是这个句子的直接宾语。

现在您已经了解了不定式和动名词之间的区别,让我们回顾一下正确使用它们的规则。

虽然下面的规则将帮助您学习如何使用不定式和动名词,但您必须练习它们,以便在日常生活中能够使用它们。

Gerunds and Infinitives

如何使用动名词和不定式

虽然不定式和动名词都可以用作主语,但动名词的使用更频繁。考虑以下情况:

  1. Driving very quickly here is hazardous.
  2. To drive very quick here is hazardous.

在表达式中,形容词后面应该使用不定式,而不是动名词。考虑以下示例:

  1. Those sandals are too large to wear.
  2. It is lovely to have secure transportation.

只有不定式用于句子宾语之后,这些宾语是名词或代词,指代人。考虑以下场景:

  1. Can I request him to assist me with my task ?
  2. Who told you to make snacks for the party ?

除了“but”这个副词性介词外,几乎所有介词后面都使用动名词。当“but”用作介词时,其含义与“except”相同,因此必须在前面加上不定式。

考虑以下示例:

  1. I am nervous of going to the market in the mid- of the night.
  2. I had no option but trust his narrative after what occurred.

动词“forget”和“remember”在短语中的含义不同,取决于宾语是动名词还是不定式。考虑以下场景:

Mary forgets to take the pet outside.

(这意味着 Mary 经常忘记把宠物带出去。)

Mary forgets taking out the pet.

(这表明 Mary 把宠物带出去了,但她忘了这件事。)

虽然动名词和不定式在句子中很容易识别,但写起来并不那么简单。下次请随时参考这些想法/技巧。这些技巧将帮助您更好地使用动名词和不定式。

使用动名词和不定式的 5 条简单规则

规则 1:动名词可用作句子主语。

考虑以下示例。

  1. Exercising is beneficial to your health.
  2. Making new buddies has gotten more tough for me since I shifted to a new town.
  3. Becoming a multibillionaire is a fantasy of many kids these days.

在此情况下,动名词是句子的主语(“exercising”、“making buddies”、“becoming a multi-millionaire”)。这三个句子听起来都是经典的英语句子。

现在阅读以下两个句子:

"The question is whether to be or not to be."

"To grieve a mischief that has passed and gone is the next method to attract new mischief."

它们听起来不正式吗?它们相当诗意,不是吗?莎士比亚被广泛认为是史上最伟大的作家之一,然而他的英语出了名的难懂。这是因为它是文学。它既正式又艺术。

这些引语中的句子主语是不定式“to be”和“to lament”。

因此,虽然不定式和动名词都可以用作主语,但动名词作为主语的使用更为普遍。只需考虑您的选择如何影响句子的语气和含义。

规则 2:动名词和不定式都可以用作句子宾语。

您可以说:

"I enjoy doodling. "

您也可以说:

"Yesterday, I decided to doodle. "

这两个句子都是语法正确的。然而,一个包含不定式作为宾语,另一个包含动名词作为宾语。

有什么区别?

是出现在宾语之前的动词!有些动词需要动名词,而另一些动词需要不定式。在上述示例中,公式是“enjoy”+ [动名词] 和“decide”+ [不定式]。

随着经验的积累,您将能够分辨出哪种是哪种。

以下是一些需要使用不定式的动词示例:

Agree: I agreed to attend a party with a colleague.

Decide: The chairman did not take part in the conversations.

Deserve: Each one deserves to be valued.

Expect: I expect to receive my test grade by Monday.

Hope: People were hoping to avoid traffic by leaving earlier.

Learn: He learned not to put his trust in anybody.

Need: She needs cooking instruction.

Offer: I offered to assist my brother with his schoolwork.

Plan: Kids are planning to go to a mall tonight.

Promise: My buddy promised to make time to assist me with my move.

Seem: We seem to be confused.

Wait: I can't wait to visit my relatives.

Want: I don't want to go to rest just yet.

有许多动词后面需要接不定式。随着英语学习的深入,您会自然而然地学会它们。

这里有一些需要接动名词的其他动词:

让我们看一些例子:

  1. Admit: They admitted to modifying the timetable.
  2. Advise: I advise moving forward with extreme care.
  3. Avoid: Helen avoided seeing the mirror.
  4. Consider (think about): I considered remaining quiet, but I had to tell him.
  5. Deny: I denied revealing his hidden truth.
  6. Involve: The curriculum involved composing 3 trials.
  7. Mention: She mentioned noticing my brother at a sporting event.
  8. Recommend: I recommend practicing English Grammar.
  9. Risk: Don't risk losing your house !
  10. Suggest: I suggest understanding more narratives.

规则 3:许多形容词后面必须使用不定式。

以下是三个句子示例,用于说明此规则:

  1. It is not simple to earn a university diploma.
  2. It is required to speak English to take a job in a youth hostel.
  3. It's great to have loyal buddies.

当您使用形容词来描述某事物时(如上例),后面必须跟不定式(粗体部分)。在这里使用动名词是错误的。

但是请记住!如果您想将该宾语转换为主语(请参见规则 1),请使用动名词。

  1. Graduating from college is not simple.
  2. Speaking English is essential to work in a call center.
  3. Having close companions is great.

您如何确定不定式后面应该跟形容词?另一种指示方法是使用短语“too + [形容词]”!

例如:

  1. This gown is too large to be worn.
  2. This automobile is too costly to own.

对于“[形容词] + enough”也是如此。

  1. My kid is not big and strong enough to pedal this cycle.
  2. The training was comprehensive enough to broaden his skill set.
  3. This guideline is enough to comprehend the use of infinitives !

特定的动词后面通常只跟不定式,这些动词后面会跟指代人的名词或代词。

"We requested him not to do it. "

在这个句子中,“We”是主语,“requested”是动词,“him”是代词“he”的宾格形式。在特定的动词后面跟指代人的名词或代词时,必须使用不定式(“to go”),绝不能使用动名词。

为了记住这条规则,请研究在这种情况下使用宾语和不定式的动词。

Gerunds and Infinitives
Gerunds and Infinitives

从以下示例开始。宾语已突出显示(名词和代词)。

请注意,所有带下划线的宾语后面都跟有不定式。

  1. Ask: Can I ask you to assist me with the assignment ?
  2. Imagine: I never imagined him becoming famous.
  3. Hire: Did the corporation hire you only to sit in your workplace ?
  4. Invite: I invited a buddy to the celebration.
  5. Direct: She directed the kid to remain at home.
  6. Remind: Please remind me to do the chores.
  7. Require: The test demanded that he focus completely.
  8. Teach: This will teach you to adhere to the rules.
  9. Tell me: Who invited you here ?
  10. Urge: They urged me to expand my knowledge.
  11. Warn: I'm warning you to refrain from doing this.

规则 5:根据(有一个例外),介词后面只跟动名词。

考虑以下句子:

I convinced him of taking on that task.

动名词“taking”跟在介词“of”之后。

介词可以跟在任何词后面,无论是名词、代词、动词还是形容词。介词在下面的示例中突出显示,后面跟有粗体的动名词。

名词后的介词

  1. Books about growing up are famous among adolescents.
  2. I have a passion in becoming an artist.

代词后的介词

I appreciate you for not being dishonest.

动词后的介词

  1. She is considering about taking up boxing.
  2. John looks forward to interviewing his relatives.

形容词后的介词

  1. I'm hesitant to go alone.
  2. My mother is terrified of flying.

有一个例外。幸运的是,它应该很容易记住!

唯一的例外

“But”是一个连接句子中两个从句的简短词语。它被称为连词。“But”有时也可以用作介词。当用作介词时,“but”的含义与“except”相同。

使用“but”或“except”时,前面必须跟不定式。

  1. I had no option but to accompany him. (I had to accompany him. )
  2. Martha made no halts on the way except to get fuel. (Martha only halted to get fuel. )
  1. There's nothing else for me to do but grab my cash and leave. (I only have to grab my cash and leave. )

这并不是“but”和“except”的常用用法。通常只需记住在介词后面使用动名词即可!

我们使用动名词(动词 + ing)

在特定动词后 - I enjoy swimming.

在介词后 - He drank a cup of tea before going.

作为句子的主语或宾语 - Running is a great activity.

我们使用“to”+不定式

在特定动词后 - We planned to go.

在许多形容词后 - It's tough to get up so early.

表示目的 - I came to the USA to learn Journalism.

我们使用原不定式(不带“to”的不定式)

情态动词后 - He can see you at five o'clock.

let, make, and (sometimes) help 之后 - The educator let him leave early.

在某些感知动词后,如(see, watch, hear, notice, feel, and sense) - I noticed her crawl away.

在以“why”开头的短语后 - why go out the evening before a test ?

动名词示例

当用作主语时,动名词可能出现在句子的开头。

  1. Running is a habit of mine.
  2. Painting is my favorite pastime.
  3. Learning is essential for growth in life.
  4. Cleaning is a habit of mine.

动名词可以作为动词后的宾语。

  1. David quit drinking a year ago.
  2. Elisa stopped abusing a few years ago.

动名词可以用作介词后的宾语。

  1. I'm excited to helping you color the home.

动名词遵循与进行时相同的拼写规则。

有些动词和动词短语后面会很快跟动名词。

Peter avoids using pesticides on the veggies he plants.

某些动词后面可以跟动名词或不定式,而含义不会改变。

  1. Some individuals prefer getting up late in the morning.
  2. Some individuals prefer to get up late in the morning.


某些动词后面可以跟动名词或不定式,但含义会改变。

  1. John remembered mailing the document. (John remembered the act of mail the document )
  2. John remembered to mail the document. (John remembered the document and mailed it. )

现在让我们看一些不定式的例子。

不定式是句子中用作其他词性替代的动词形式。它由 to + 动词原形组成。例如,to buy。

不定式示例

不定式可用于如下:

动词后面的宾语

James always forgets to cook.

句子开头的主语

To roam around the world takes a ton of time and resources.

修饰动词的副词

You vowed to get me a diamond bracelet.

修饰名词的形容词

Tara has the potential to succeed.

某些动词后面紧跟不定式。

Do you wish to contact your family right now ?

某些动词后面先跟名词或代词,然后跟不定式。

  1. I encouraged Cathy to become vegan.
  2. He encouraged me to liquidate all of my stocks.

某些动词后面可以跟不定式或动名词,而含义不会改变。

  1. Will you keep working once you have a child ?
  2. Will you continue to work once you have a baby ?

某些动词后面可以跟不定式或动名词,但含义会改变。

  1. John quit drinking alcohol. (He never drank alcohol again )
  2. John stopped to drink alcohol. (He paused what he was doing and drank some alcohol. )

动名词和不定式之间的区别

在句子中,动名词用于表示实际的、完成的或已经完成的动作,而不定式用于表示不实际的或可能发生的动作。

动名词用于在句子中构成名词,而不定式用于构成主语、副词或形容词。动名词,而不是不定式,用作命题开头的宾语。

  • 例如,We are conversing about going back school. (正确)。
  • 例如,we are conversing about to go back school. (错误)。

有些动词只接受不定式,不接受直接或间接宾语。

  • 例如,I commit to tell the truth. (正确)。
  • 例如,I commit telling with the truth. (错误)。

了解动名词和不定式之间的区别可以帮助您在写作时避免昂贵的语法错误。动名词是源自动词的词,用作名词,以 ing 结尾。不定式短语,也称为不定式,是通过在动词前加上“to”来构成的。

动名词和不定式都可以用作句子的主语,动名词和不定式都可以用作动词宾语。现在您已经了解了这两个部分如何功能相似,重要的是要指出动名词/不定式方程中的一个关键区别:动名词可以充当介词的宾语;而不定式则不能。

我应该使用动名词还是不定式?

动名词和不定式都可以用作句子的主语或补语。然而,动名词在作为主语或补语时听起来更像典型的口语英语,而不定式则显得更抽象。在以下句子中,动名词听起来更自然,在日常英语中更常见。不定式强调某事发生的可能性或潜在性,显得更具哲学性。如果这听起来不清楚,请记住,90% 的情况下动名词用作句子的主语或补语。

重要收获

  1. 动名词和不定式是通过在一个词的末尾添加“ing”和一个词的开头添加“to”来构成的。
  2. 动名词遵循在末尾添加“ing”、去掉“e”然后添加“ing”等的规则。
  3. 不定式遵循在“to”前添加“how”或在动词前添加“for”等约定。
  4. 动名词和不定式之间的区别在于,动名词用于实际的活动,而不定式用于非实际的活动。
  5. 虽然您可能理解动名词和不定式的定义,但必须正确理解两者的用法。

结论

动名词和不定式可能会令人困惑,但它们为您的英语口语增添了多样性和色彩。在英语语言学习中,您识别的动名词和不定式越多,它就会变得越容易!学习和练习正确使用它们非常有益。

您有时可能会不确定在句子中是使用不定式还是动名词。在这种情况下,请尝试修改句子,用另一种方式表达您想要传达的意思。通过练习,您可以提高流利度。练习是必不可少的。