非谓语动词

非谓语动词是指不根据句子中的时态、人称和数而变化的动词。相比之下，谓语动词根据句子的人称、数和时态而变化。基本上，非谓语动词是带或不带“to”的动词不定式形式、动名词（-ing形式）以及前面没有助动词的分词形式。

注意：非谓语动词在句子中不充当动作动词。它们是不同的。

非谓语动词有三种形式：

1. 不定式
2. 动名词
3. 分词：现在分词（V1+ing），过去分词（V3），完成分词（having + V3）

1. 不定式

不定式动词是动词的基本形式，不充当句子的动作。相反，它们将一个动作表达为一个想法或概念，并且总是以“to”开头。通过示例提供了不定式的详细信息。

看下面的句子：

1. He wants to go.
2. He tried to find fault with us.

在上面的句子中，“to go”和“to find”是动词不定式形式。

现在看下面的句子：

1. To err is human.（在这个句子中，“to err”是不定式，并且在这里它作为名词充当动词“is”的主语。）
2. Girls love to sing.（在这个句子中，“to sing”是不定式，并且在这里它作为名词充当动词“love”的宾语。）
3. To respect our elders is our duty.（在这个句子中，“to respect”是不定式，并且在这里它作为名词充当动词“is”的主语。但作为动词，它也可以带宾语。）
4. They refused to obey the orders.（在这个句子中，“to obey”是不定式，并且在这里它作为名词充当动词“refused”的宾语。但像动词一样，它也可以带宾语。）
5. Many men desire to make money quickly.（在这个句子中，“to make”是不定式，并且作为名词充当动词“desire”的宾语。但像动词一样，它也可以带宾语，并被副词修饰。）

注意：通过上面的句子，可以清楚地看出不定式是一个动词-名词。

有时，我们也在某些动词（bid, let, make, need, dare, see, hear）后面使用不带“to”的不定式。

示例

• Bid him come here.
• I let her go there.
• Let them sit here.
• He will not let me go.
• Make them stand.
• She made them run.
• We need not go today.
• They need not do it.
• He saw her do it.
• You heard him cry.

情态动词后面也使用不带“to”的不定式；will, would, shall, may, might, can, could, and must.

示例

• Ram will pay the bill.
• Students should work harder.
• John can speak five languages.
• He must come to the office at nine tomorrow.

不带“to”的不定式也可以用在had better, had rather, would rather, would rather, sooner than, rather than后面；例如：

• She had better ask permission.
• I had rather play than work.
• I would rather die than suffer so.

不定式的用法

不定式，无论是否带状语，都可以用作名词：

1. 作动词的主语

To find fault is easy.

To err is human.

To reign is worth ambition.

2. 作及物动词的宾语

They do not mean to play.

Sohan likes to play Cricket.

3. 作动词的表语

Her greatest pleasure is to write.

His custom is to worship daily.

4. 作介词的宾语

He had no choice but (except) to go.

The speaker is about to conclude.

5. 作宾语补足语

I saw him come.

注意：当不定式用作名词时，称为简单不定式。

不定式的一些其他用法

修饰动词，通常表示目的；例如：

He called to visit the school (为了参观学校)。

We eat to live.（目的）

I came to meet my friend.（目的）

He wept to see the disaster caused by the earthquake.（原因）

修饰形容词；例如：

Bananas are good to eat.

This medicine is bitter to take.

The students are curious to learn.

John is too lazy to do any work.

修饰名词；例如：

This is not the time to sleep.

You will have cause to repent.

He is a boy to be praised.

Here is a house to rent.

This house is to let.

修饰句子；例如：

To tell the truth, I quite forget my promise.

He was petrified, so to speak.

不定式可以是主动或被动的。当它是主动时，它处于现在时或完成时形式，仅命名动作，或者它可以表示进行时或持续动作。

Active

现在时：to write

现在进行时：to be writing

完成时：to have written

现在完成进行时：to have been writing

无源

被动语态中，不定式有现在时和完成时形式。

现在时：to be written

完成时：to have been written

2. 动名词

当 V1+ing 用作主语或宾语（名词）时，称为动名词。

示例

• Singing is his favorite pastime.（在这个句子中，“singing”一词是由动词 sing 加上“ing”构成。在这里它用作动词的主语，从而起到名词的作用。因此它是一个动名词。）
• Smoking is injurious to health.
• Drinking milk is useful to health.
• Walking is good for health.
• Playing cards is not allowed here.

作宾语

• I like reading（在这里动名词像名词一样，是动词的宾语，但作为动词，它也带宾语。）
• She is fond of listening

动名词和不定式都具有名词和动词的性质，并且有相同的用法。因此，在许多句子中，两者都可以使用，而含义没有特殊差异；例如：

• Teach me to write.
• Teach me
• To give is better than to receive.
• Giving is better than receiving.
• To see is to believe.
• Seeing is believing.

还有复合动名词，它们是通过在“have”和“be”的动名词后面加上过去分词形成的。

• I heard of your having gained a prize.
• We were tired on account of having run so far.
• They were charged with having supported
• He is desirous of being admired.

及物动词也有动名词形式

Active

现在时：writing

完成时：having written

无源

现在时：being written

完成时：having been written

动名词和现在分词都以“-ing”结尾，但它们之间存在差异。

动名词具有名词和动词的性质；它是一个动名词。

示例

• He is fond of playing
• The old man was tired of walking.
• We were prevented from watching the movie.
• Seeing is believing.

现在分词具有形容词和动词的性质；它是一个动词形容词。

示例

• Taking exercise, he gained health.
• Walking along the woods, he noticed a dead cobra.
• Seeing, she believed.

动名词作普通名词

示例

• The indiscriminate reading of poems is injurious.（在这里，“reading”用作普通名词。）

注意：“the”用在前面，“of”用在后面。

下面给出了一些更多的例子：

• The making of the poster is in hand.
• The time of the playing of the children has come.
• Adam tempted to the eating of the fruit.
• The middle phase of life seems to be the most advantageous for the gaining of wisdom.

一些复合名词，如：

Walking stick, frying pan, hunting whip, fencing- stick, writing-table

（这里walking, frying, hunting, fencing, writing 都是动名词）

这些复合名词的含义是：

用于行走的棍子，用于煎炸的平底锅，用于狩猎的鞭子等。

在动名词前面，可以使用名词或代词的物主形式或宾格形式。

示例

• I hope you will excuse my leaving early.（这里紧跟动名词的词是物主形式。）
• I hope you will excuse me leaving early.（这里紧跟动名词的词是宾格形式。）

注意：上面两个句子都是正确的。物主形式更正式，在日常口语中不太常用。

下面给出了一些类似的例子：

• We celebrated at his/him being promoted.
• I insist on your/you being present.
• Do you mind my/me reading here?
• All depends on John's/John passing the exam.
• I disliked the chancellor's/chancellor asking me personal questions.
• The accident was due to the driver's/driver disregarding the signals.

动名词的用法

作为动词-名词，动名词可用作：

i）。动词的主语

示例

Seeing is believing.

Hunting tigers is not allowed in our country.

ii) 及物动词的宾语

示例

Stop running.

Children love making mud castles.

I like writing novels.

He contemplated marrying his cousin.

iii) 介词的宾语

示例

I am tired of walking.

He is fond of reading.

They were punished for telling a lie.

He was distracted from watching the cartoon.

I have an aversion to fishing.

iv) 动词的表语

示例

Seeing is believing.

What I most hate is smoking.

v) 绝对独立用法

Playing cards being his aversion, we did not play bridge.

3. 分词

在句子中，分词部分起动词作用，部分起形容词作用。

• Hearing the noise, the child woke up.（这里“hearing”修饰名词“child”，所以起形容词作用，并且它是由动词“hear”构成，所以“hearing”这个词同时具有动词和形容词的性质，它是分词。）

下面是一些现在分词的例子：

• We met a boy carrying a bag of chocolates
• Loudly knocking at the gate, he demanded admission.
• The girl, thinking all was safe, attempted to cross the road.
• They rushed into the field, and foremost, fighting

注意：上面所有的句子都以“-ing”结尾，并表达了正在进行、未完成或不完整的动作。因此它们是现在分词。

过去分词表示一个完整的动作或所谈事物的状态。.

下面是一些过去分词的例子：

• Blinded by a dust storm, they fell into disorder.
• Deceived by his friends, he lost all hope.
• Time misspent is time lost.
• Driven by hunger, he stole some food.
• We saw a few trees laden with mangoes.

注意：上面所有的句子都以 -ed, -d, -t, -en, 和 -n 结尾。所以它们是过去分词。

除了这两种现在分词和过去分词之外，还有完成分词。完成分词表示在过去的某个时间完成的动作。

示例

• Having rested, we continued our journey.

关于分词的一些重要事实：

分词可以作为动词形容词，所以它被称为动词形容词。

它可以作为动词，并支配名词或代词；例如：

• Hearing a noise, the boy woke up.（在这个句子中，名词“noise”被分词 hearing 所支配。）

分词像动词一样可以被副词修饰；例如：

• Loudly knocking at the gate, he demanded admission.（在这个句子中，分词“knocking”被副词 loudly 修饰。）

分词可以像形容词一样修饰名词或代词；例如：

• Having rested, the men continued their journey.

当过去分词用作形容词时，它具有被动含义。

A spent swimmer

A burnt child

A painted doll

当现在分词用作形容词时，它具有主动含义。

A child who is burnt

A swimmer who is tired out

A doll which is painted

分词的用法

如果现在分词与“be”形式的动词一起使用，它构成进行时态（主动语态）。

示例

• I am playing
• I was playing
• I shall be playing

如果过去分词与“have”形式的动词一起使用，它构成完成时态（主动语态）。

示例

• I have played
• I had played
• I shall have played

如果过去分词与“be”形式的动词一起使用，则构成被动语态。

示例

• I am loved
• I was loved
• I shall be loved

修饰名词或代词的分词可以分别用作：

作定语

• A lost opportunity never returns
• His tattered coat needs mending

作表语

• The man seems （这里修饰主语）
• He kept me laughing.（这里修饰宾语）

名词和代词在前；例如：

• The weather being fine, we went out
• Their master being absent, the work was neglected.
• Gog willing, we will have a good day again.

注意：在上面的句子中，分词在名词和代词之前构成了一个独立的短语，称为独立主格结构。

独立主格结构可以改为从句：

示例

• Spring advancing, the mustard flowers appear.（当春天来临时——时间状语从句）
• God willing, we shall meet again.（如果上帝愿意——条件状语从句）

分词的用法也存在一些错误，例如：

• Standing at the gate, a scorpion stung Rohan.（这里，意思好像是蝎子站在门口。）
• Going up the hill, the cloud was seen.

注意：上面的句子是错误的，因为分词没有得到正确的匹配。这些句子应该像下面这样改写：

• Standing at the gate, Rohan was stung by a scorpion.
• When we went up the hill, we saw the cloud.

在一些句子中，分词是被省略的。

• Sword (being) in hand, he rushed towards the jailor.
• Breakfast (having been) over, we went out for a walk.