使用 Python 自动化软件测试

2024年8月29日 | 23 分钟阅读

软件测试是发现已创建产品中错误的过程。此外，它评估实际结果是否与预期结果一致，并有助于识别错误、缺失的需求或缺陷。测试是产品投放市场前的最后一步。它涉及查看、研究、观察和判断各种产品组件。行业中的软件测试人员结合了人工和自动化测试方法。运行测试后，测试人员将结果告知开发团队。软件测试至关重要，因为最终目标是为用户提供高质量的产品。

许多企业家忽略测试他们的产品。他们可能声称他们的财务限制是跳过这个关键阶段的原因。他们认为影响很小。然而，它必须是优秀的，才能建立一个强大而良好的第一印象。这需要对产品进行彻底的bug测试。

提高产品质量

只有当所提供的产品是完美的，公司才能为其客户提供价值。为此，企业必须确保用户在使用其产品时没有问题。让您的产品无bug是实现这一目标的万无一失的方法。

在交付产品之前，公司必须专注于测试应用程序并修复在测试过程中发现的任何缺陷。当团队在产品到达消费者之前修复问题时，输出质量会提高。

提高安全性

客户在使用产品时一定会泄露某种个人信息。在程序部署之前，需要进行安全测试，以防止黑客访问此信息。当公司遵循彻底的测试程序时，它能确保产品的安全，这有助于客户在使用产品时感到舒适。
例如，银行应用程序和电子商务商店需要支付信息。如果开发人员不修复与安全相关的缺陷，可能会导致巨大的经济损失。
安全的另一个方面是防止数据丢失。现在人们经常将数据保存在云存储中。您的照片和文件可能也存储在iCloud或Google Drive上。
如果发生意外，所有数据都丢失了怎么办？这不是你最糟糕的噩梦之一吗？产品的安全性不仅能确保数据免受黑客攻击，还能确保数据不丢失或损坏。

客户不再只在大台式电脑上工作。在当今移动优先的世界中，测试产品的设备兼容性至关重要。假设您的公司创建了一个网站。测试人员必须查看网页是否在各种设备分辨率下工作。它还应该与各种浏览器兼容。浏览器选择的增加是测试越来越重要的另一个原因。适用于Chrome的可能不兼容Safari或Internet Explorer。这需要跨浏览器测试，其中涉及验证应用程序在多个浏览器上的互操作性。

软件测试的分类

软件测试是一个广义术语，涵盖了各种活动。相反，它以多种形式出现，可以根据许多因素进行分类。例如，您可以将测试分为手动和自动化类别。在自动化测试方面，您可以选择基于代码和无代码方法，以及结合两者优点的混合方法。测试还可以根据它们对测试系统内部实现了解多少来分类。我们可以根据这个标准将测试分为三类：白盒、黑盒和灰盒。最后，我们可以根据它们是否确认应用程序的业务需求将测试分为功能性和非功能性类别。

黑盒测试

在这种测试中，您对产品开发方式的了解最少。您对产品的结构、编码或逻辑一无所知。您会像客户一样使用该产品。黑盒测试用于功能测试，因为您拥有与客户相同的信息量。这种形式的测试只有在代码运行后才能进行。因此，采用动态测试。动态测试是一种您必须运行代码并在产品运行时对其进行测试的测试。它主要是为了查看产品启动并运行后的工作方式，以及用户将如何对其做出反应。

灰盒测试

在这种测试中，您对产品只有有限的了解。这种形式的测试对于检测用户不会意识到的问题很有用。

举个例子，假设您创建了一个蓝色阴影的元素，但它实际上是绿色阴影。用户不会意识到存在缺陷，因为他们会认为这应该是这样的。然而，您对产品的有限了解将帮助您检测此类缺陷。

大猩猩测试

大猩猩测试是一种软件测试方法，其中一个模块通过各种随机输入反复测试，以确保其无错误。只有系统中的少数选定模块经过测试，目的是评估模块是否正常运行。这种形式的测试是手动进行的，并且频繁进行。大猩猩测试也被称为折磨测试、容错测试和不愉快测试。

既然您已经了解了测试的全部内容，是时候学习如何进行软件测试了。

规划：操作总是从规划开始。在此阶段，您会整理所有相关的产品详细信息。您会创建一份需要首先测试的任务列表。如果您在修复bug后进行测试，您应该了解问题是什么以及理想行为是什么。另一个问题是优先处理您的待办事项列表。当整个团队参与时，也可以在此阶段进行任务划分。
准备：在您弄清楚需要完成什么之后，您需要为测试打下基础。准备测试环境、收集测试用例以及研究产品功能和测试用例都是此过程的一部分。还应该在此处收集并熟悉测试工具和方法。
执行：这是您真正将事物付诸实践的时候。您运行测试场景并记录结果。然后将结果与预期结果进行比较，以评估产品是否按预期运行。您跟踪所有成功和不成功的测试和测试用例。
报告：这是软件测试的最后阶段，您必须记录所有结果并将其发送给相关人员。在这种情况下，测试用例的失败尤为重要。应该对所做的测试和获得的结果进行适当和清晰的描述。更复杂的测试应包括重现错误的步骤、屏幕截图和任何其他相关信息。

软件测试的好处

成本效益：这是软件测试最重要的好处之一。任何及时测试的IT项目都能让您从长远来看节省资金。在软件测试过程早期发现问题并纠正它们的成本较低。
安全性：这是软件测试最脆弱和敏感的优势。人们正在寻找他们可以信任的产品。它有助于早期发现风险和问题。这也是应该避免软件测试的另一个重要原因。它被认为是身体最脆弱和敏感的区域。在各种情况下，用户的个人信息和详细信息被盗用并用于个人利益。据说这就是为什么客户寻找经过彻底检查并证明可靠的产品的原因。由于产品经过测试，用户可以确信他们将获得可靠的产品。用户的个人信息受到保护。在软件测试的帮助下，用户可以获得没有漏洞的产品。
产品质量：这是任何软件产品的先决条件。测试确保买家获得高质量的产品。
客户满意度：任何产品的主要目标都是提供客户满意度。UI/UX测试可确保最佳用户体验。产品所有者的基本目标是提供最高水平的客户满意度。软件测试的重要性可归因于它提供了所需和理想的用户体验。如果您在拥挤的市场中选择理想的项目，您将能够建立可靠客户的声誉。因此，选择软件测试将为您带来长期利益。赢得客户的信任绝非易事，特别是如果产品一直被证明存在故障。您可能尝试过许多产品，并因此经历过许多糟糕的体验，您可能因此删除了应用程序。在当今市场，市场竞争非常激烈。第一印象确实至关重要，如果您未能留下好印象，人们就会寻找满足他们所有需求的另一款产品。

现在让我们看看Python编程语言中软件测试自动化示例之一的代码。

代码

#A sample python code to automate the testing of the sample class having basic functionalities of to perform the mathematical operations on the specified operands of that particular function.

# All the required modules which are required across the program are included at the beginning of the code.
import unittest
import sys

A class is written which has different functions to perform the different mathematical operations depending upon the input provided the mathematical operation is performed on the two operands which are taken as input for each function,  the class which is written below is the child class of the test case class from the unit test module,  with the help of this parenting test case class we were able to use various inbuilt functions of the test case class which help us to write various test case function to test the mathematical results which are calculated by the various function written inside this class 
class BasicMathOperationsTesting(the unit test.TestCase):
#Constructor is written which can be used to initialize the various class variable that is required to use throughout this class a variable that is declared inside the constructor of a class can be used across the scope of that particular class 
	def __init__(self):
		pass


# A function is written  in which the user is asked for two numbers on which the addition operation is performed,  once the user provides the two numbers on which the addition operation is need to perform,  that particular operation is performed on the provided two numbers and the result of that operation is stored in a resultant variable  and that resultant variable is returned as the return value of this function,  and then this return value can be used in various test function which will validate or test the particular operation performed by this function is correct or not by using various inbuilt methods of the test case class 
	def perform_addition(self):
		operation_name = "addition"
		print("Enter the first number for {} operation".format(operation_name))
		num_1 = int(input())
		print("Enter the second number for {} operation".format(operation_name))
		num_2 = int(input())

		resultant = num_1 + num_2
		return resultant

# A function is written  in which the user is asked for two numbers on which the subtraction operation is performed,  once the user provides the two numbers on which the subtraction  operation is need to perform,  that particular operation is performed on the provided two numbers and the result of that operation is stored in a resultant variable  and that resultant variable is returned as the return value of this function,  and then this return value can be used in various test function which will validate or test the particular operation performed by this function is correct or not by using various inbuilt methods of the test case class 
	def perform_subtraction(self):
		operation_name = "subtraction"
		print("Enter the first number for {} operation".format(operation_name))
		num_1 = int(input())
		print("Enter the second number for {} operation".format(operation_name))
		num_2 = int(input())

		resultant = num_1 - num_2
		return resultant
# A function is written  in which the user is asked for two numbers on which the multiplication operation is performed,  once the user provides the two numbers on which the multiplication  operation is needed to perform,  that particular operation is performed on the provided two numbers and the result of that operation is stored in a resultant variable  and that resultant variable is returned as the return value of this function,  and then this return value can be used in various test function which will validate or test the particular operation performed by this function is correct or not by using various inbuilt methods of the test case class

	def perform_multiplication(self):
		operation_name = "multiplication"
		print("Enter the first number for {} operation".format(operation_name))
		num_1 = int(input())
		print("Enter the second number for {} operation".format(operation_name))
		num_2 = int(input())

		resultant = num_1 + num_2
		return resultant

# A function is written  in which the user is asked for two numbers on which the division operation is performed,  once the user provides the two numbers on which the division  operation is needed to perform,  that particular operation is performed on the provided two numbers and the result of that operation is stored in a resultant variable  and that resultant variable is returned as the return value of this function,  and then this return value can be used in various test function which will validate or test the particular operation performed by this function is correct or not by using various inbuilt methods of the test case class
	def perform_division(self):
		operation_name = "division"
		print("Enter the first number for {} operation".format(operation_name))
		num_1 = int(input())
		print("Enter the second number for {} operation".format(operation_name))
		num_2 = int(input())

		resultant = num_1 / num_2
		return resultant

# This is a test function which is written for testing the assert equal values which means  this test case will be fast if the two values which are passed as parameters to this function  are equal,  so we have used this assert equal functions to test the various mathematical operations which are performed using the various function which is written above so, for example, let's say perform the addition operation of two variables which are passed as a parameter to that function so to verify that the addition operation performed that particular function is correct or not is then with the help of this function in which first parameter we passed as the actual value will be the value which  is the value which is calculated by the function which is written above and the expected value is the value which is expected to be matched with this function so so if both of these values matches then they assert equal test case will be passed on the other hand if the both of these values are not equal then the assert equal test case will fail 
	def the unit test_for_assert_equals(self,actual_value,expected_value):

		actual_value_for_equals = actual_value
		expected_value_for_equals = expected_value
		self.assertEqual(actual_value_for_equals,expected_value_for_equals)


# This is another unit test case which we have written named assert true that means this function will return require a Boolean value and depending upon the value of the that boolean variable the nature of the resultant test case is dertemined so in this function we are using the assert false functionality of the unit test case class to test the actual and expected output of a mathematical operations so we are passing the oeprand one as the actual value by actual value we mean the value which is actually calculated by the any of the above written mathematical operation let's say multiplication so the resultant of the multiplication function is passed as the first operand to this function and the second operand which is passed to this function is the expected value or which is meant to be the actual output of that function and both of these operations are compared and stored into a variable since the comparison is done on two operands return type is a Boolean value show the variable storing those values will be a Boolean variable and that Boolean variable will be passed to the assert false function if that  Boolean variable is having the true value then the test function will be passed on the other hand if the value is fasle the assert true unit test case will be failed
	def the unit test_for_assert_true(self,operand1,operand2):

		boolean_resultant = operand1 == operand2
		self.assertTrue(boolean_resultant)



# This is another unit test case which we have written named assert false that means this function will return require a Boolean value and depending upon the value of the that boolean variable the nature of the resultant test case is dertemined so in this function we are using the assert false functionality of the unit test case class to test the actual and expected output of a mathematical operations so we are passing the oeprand one as the actual value by actual value we mean the value which is actually calculated by the any of the above written mathematical operation let's say multiplication so the resultant of the multiplication function is passed as the first operand to this function and the second operand which is passed to this function is the expected value or which is meant to be the actual output of that function and both of these operations are compared and stored into a variable since the comparison is done on two operands return type is a Boolean value show the variable storing those values will be a Boolean variable and that Boolean variable will be passed to the assert false function if that  Boolean variable is having the fasle value then the test function will be passed on the other hand if the value is true the assert fasle unit test case will be failed
	def the unit test_for_assert_false(self,operand1,operand2):

		boolean_resultant = operand1 != operand2
		self.assertFalse(boolean_resultant)




#  In The End the main function is written,  which has the object of the above-written class Which is used to call all the methods which are written inside the class. the user is provided with the list of menus from which he has to select the mathematical operation which he performs on the two inputs which are going he is going to provide after selecting the appropriate mathematical operation the result of that mathematical operation is presented to the user and another menu is printed from which the type of unit test which needs to be Run on that obtained result is  shown,  on selecting the appropriate unit test which will run on the result of the mathematical operation that particular test case is Run and depending upon the unit test which is selected by the user appropriate message is shown,  that means if the test case is passed it is shown that that particular test case has been passed successfully on the other hand if the test case is failed due to some exception or error that has been encountered during the execution of that particular unit test case,  then that particular exception or error message is printed to the user and which line has caused that an exception message is also presented to the user this helps in the debugging so that user can understand by which particular line of code that particular unit test is failing this printing of the menu is done in a recursive manner until the user exits the code execution by selecting the last option which is to exit the code execution. 
def main():
    
    run_the unit test =  BasicMathOperationsTesting()
    
    while(True):
    	
    	# from the listed below the list of operations select any one of the operations
        print("Select any of the mathematical operations which are listed below:")
        print("1. To perform the addition operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.")
        print("2. To perform the subtraction operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.")
        print("3. To perform the multiplication operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.")
        print("4. To perform the division operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.")
        print("5. To exit from the code execution.")
        
        menu_choice = input()
        menu_choice = int(menu_choice)
 
        if menu_choice == 1:
            result = run_the unit test.perform_addition()
        elif menu_choice == 2:
            result = run_the unit test.perform_subtraction()
        elif menu_choice == 3:
            result = run_the unit test.perform_multiplication()
        elif menu_choice == 4:
        	result = run_the unit test.perform_division()
        elif menu_choice == 5:
            sys.exit()
        
        print("Select any of the unit tests to perform which are listed below:")
        print("1. To perform the assertEqual the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.")
        print("2. To perform the assertTrue the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.")
        print("3. To perform the assertFalse the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.")
        	
        menu_choice_for_unitttest = input()
        menu_choice_for_unitttest = int(menu_choice_for_unitttest)

        if menu_choice_for_unitttest == 1:
        	print("Expected value for test to pass:")
        	expected_value = int(input())
        	run_the unit test.the unit test_for_assert_equals(result,expected_value)
		elif menu_choice_for_unitttest == 2:
        	print("Expected value for test to pass:")
        	expected_value = int(input())
        	run_the unit test.the unit test_for_assert_true(result,expected_value)
		elif menu_choice_for_unitttest == 3:
        	print("Expected value for test to pass:")
        	expected_value = int(input())
        	run_the unit test.the unit test_for_assert_false(result,expected_value)


        print("To go on with the code getting executed, enter input [y] or [n]")
        continue_or_exit = input()
 
        if continue_or_exit == 'y' or continue_or_exit == 'Y':
            pass
        elif continue_or_exit == 'n' or continue_or_exit == 'N':
            sys.exit()
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

输出

Select any of the mathematical operations which are listed below:
1. To perform the addition operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
2. To perform the subtraction operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
3. To perform the multiplication operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
4. To perform the division operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
5. To exit from the code execution.
1
Enter the first number for the addition operation
99
Enter the second number for the addition operation
578
Select any of the unit tests to perform which are listed below:
1. To perform the assertEqual the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
2. To perform the assertTrue the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
3. To perform the assertFalse the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
1
The expected value for the test to pass:
677
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.000s

OK
To go on with the code getting executed, enter input [y] or [n]
y
Select any of the mathematical operations which are listed below:
1. To perform the addition operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
2. To perform the subtraction operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
3. To perform the multiplication operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
4. To perform the division operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
5. To exit from the code execution.
1
Enter the first number for the addition operation
100
Enter the second number for the addition operation
544
Select any of the unit tests to perform which are listed below:
1. To perform the assertEqual the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
2. To perform the assertTrue the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
3. To perform the assertFalse the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
1
The expected value for the test to pass:
647

self.assertEqual(actual_value_for_equals,expected_value_for_equals)
AssertionError: 647 != 677
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.001s

FAILED (failures=1)

To go on with the code getting executed, enter input [y] or [n]
y
Select any of the mathematical operations which are listed below:
1. To perform the addition operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
2. To perform the subtraction operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
3. To perform the multiplication operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
4. To perform the division operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
5. To exit from the code execution.
2
Enter the first number for the subtraction operation
122
Enter the second number for the subtraction operation
22
Select any of the unit tests to perform which are listed below:
1. To perform the assertEqual the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
2. To perform the assertTrue the unit test on the above mathematical operation.
3. To perform the assertFalse the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
2
The expected value for the test to pass:
100
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.000s

OK
To go on with the code getting executed, enter input [y] or [n]
y
Select any of the mathematical operations which are listed below:
1. To perform the addition operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
2. To perform the subtraction operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
3. To perform the multiplication operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
4. To perform the division operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
5. To exit from the code execution.
2
Enter the first number for the subtraction operation
255
Enter the second number for the subtraction operation
50
Select any of the unit tests to perform which are listed below:
1. To perform the assertEqual the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
2. To perform the assertTrue the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
3. To perform the assertFalse the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
2
The expected value for the test to pass:
200

self.assertTrue(boolean_resultant)
AssertionError: False
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.001s

FAILED (failures=1)

To go on with the code getting executed, enter input [y] or [n]
y
Select any of the mathematical operations which are listed below:
1. To perform the addition operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
2. To perform the subtraction operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
3. To perform the multiplication operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
4. To perform the division operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
5. To exit from the code execution.
3
Enter the first number for the multiplication operation
100
Enter the second number for the multiplication operation
2
Select any of the unit tests to perform which are listed below:
1. To perform the assertEqual the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
2. To perform the assertTrue the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
3. To perform the assertFalse the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
2
The expected value for the test to pass:
200
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.000s

To go on with the code getting executed, enter input [y] or [n]
y
Select any of the mathematical operations which are listed below:
1. To perform the addition operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
2. To perform the subtraction operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
3. To perform the multiplication operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
4. To perform the division operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
5. To exit from the code execution.
3
Enter the first number for the multiplication operation
122
Enter the second number for the multiplication operation
654
Select any of the unit tests to perform which are listed below:
1. To perform the assertEqual the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
2. To perform the assertTrue the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
3. To perform the assertFalse the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
2
The expected value for the test to pass:
55412

self.assertTrue(boolean_resultant)
AssertionError: False
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.001s

FAILED (failures=1)

To go on with the code getting executed, enter input [y] or [n]
y
Select any of the mathematical operations which are listed below:
1. To perform the addition operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
2. To perform the subtraction operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
3. To perform the multiplication operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
4. To perform the division operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
5. To exit from the code execution.
4
Enter the first number for division operation
55
Enter the second number for division operation
5
Select any of the unit tests to perform which are listed below:
1. To perform the assertEqual the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
2. To perform the assertTrue the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
3. To perform the assertFalse the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
3
The expected value for a test to pass:
12

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.000s

OK
To go on with the code getting executed, enter input [y] or [n]
y
Select any of the mathematical operations which are listed below:
1. To perform the addition operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
2. To perform the subtraction operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
3. To perform the multiplication operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
4. To perform the division operation and then perform the unit test on the result obtained.
5. To exit from the code execution.
4
Enter the first number for division operation
100
Enter the second number for division operation
10
Select any of the unit tests to perform which are listed below:
1. To perform the assertEqual the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
2. To perform the assertTrue the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
3. To perform the assertFalse the unit test on the above done mathematical operation.
3
The expected value for the test to pass:
10

self.assertFalse(boolean_resultant)
AssertionError: False
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.001s

FAILED (failures=1)

在上述代码中，编写了主函数，它具有上述类的对象，用于调用类中编写的所有方法。用户会收到一个菜单列表，他必须从中选择要在提供的两个输入上执行的数学运算，在选择适当的数学运算后，该数学运算的结果将呈现给用户，并打印另一个菜单，其中显示了需要对该结果运行的单元测试类型，选择适当的单元测试后，该特定测试用例将运行，并根据用户选择的单元测试显示适当的消息，这意味着如果测试用例通过，则显示该特定测试用例已成功通过，另一方面，如果测试用例由于在该特定单元测试用例执行期间遇到的某些异常或错误而失败，则该特定异常或错误消息将打印给用户，并且导致该异常消息的行也呈现给用户，这有助于调试，以便用户可以理解是哪一行代码导致该特定单元测试失败。这种菜单的打印是以递归方式完成的，直到用户通过选择最后一个选项（即退出代码执行）退出代码执行。

结论

因此，在本文中，我们已经了解了如何使用Python中的一些库来自动化软件测试过程，这有助于我们快速运行测试用例，从而帮助我们分析所编写代码的质量，并确保该特定代码片段满足编写此代码的精确要求。除了这些，还有许多其他库可以用于自动化整个软件测试过程，我们将在其他文章中讨论它们。

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