C++ 井字棋

2024年8月28日 | 阅读 11 分钟

井字游戏是一个简单的双人游戏，如果两位玩家都发挥最佳水平，游戏将始终以平局结束。该游戏也称为“圈叉游戏”或“零和十字”。

井字游戏可以通过计算机或其他设备玩，通常是在纸上画。这个经典游戏为其他游戏（如四子棋）提供了基础。

井字游戏的历史

大约在公元前一世纪，罗马帝国曾玩过一个该游戏的原始版本。名称“terni lapilli”表示一次三个鹅卵石。在罗马遗址中发现了覆盖着游戏白垩网格图案的证据。古埃及遗址中也发现了该游戏的证据。

该游戏的英国名称“noughts and crosses”于 1864 年首次出现在印刷品中。“tick-tack-toe”一词于 1884 年首次出现在文学作品中，但它指的是在石板上玩的儿童游戏。

游戏规则

游戏必须由两名玩家（在此程序中为人与计算机）进行。
两名玩家都用字母“O”和“X”标记他们的单元格。
当其中一名玩家用该玩家的字符（“O”或“X”）填满整行、整列或对角线时，游戏结束。
如果没有人获胜，则比赛视为平局。

程序分解

# define COMPUTER 1
# define HUMAN 2
# define SIDE 3 
# define COMPUTERMOVE 'O'
# define HUMANMOVE 'X'

在这里，我们预定义了一些我们将在游戏中执行的动作。我们将棋盘长度设置为 3，计算机的移动将由“O”表示，人类或用户的移动将由“X”表示。

void showBoard ( char board [ ] [ SIDE ] )
{
	printf ( " \ n \ n " ) ;
	printf ( " \ t \ t \ t % c | % c | % c \ n " , board [ 0 ] [ 0 ] , board [ 0 ] [ 1 ] , board [ 0 ] [ 2 ] ) ;
	printf ( " \ t \ t \ t -------------- \ n " ) ;
	printf ( " \ t \ t \ t % c | % c | % c \ n " , board [ 1 ] [ 0 ] , board [ 1 ] [ 1 ] , board [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ) ;
	printf ( " \ t \ t \ t -------------- \ n " ) ;
	printf ( " \ t \ t \ t % c | % c | % c \ n \ n " , board [ 2 ] [ 0 ] , board [ 2 ] [ 1 ] , board [ 2 ] [ 2 ] ) ; 
	return ;
}

上述函数即 void showBoard 将演示我们 3X3 棋盘的当前状态，我们已将其初始化为 1 到 9 以表示。

void showInstructions ( )
{
	printf ( " \ t \ t \ t Tic-Tac-Toe \ n \ n " ) ;
	printf ( " Choose a cell numbered from 1 to 9 as below and play \ n \ n " ) ;
	printf ( " \ t \ t \ t 1 | 2 | 3 \ n " ) ;
	printf ( " \ t \ t \ t -------------- \ n " ) ;
	printf ( " \ t \ t \ t 4 | 5 | 6 \ n " ) ;
	printf ( " \ t \ t \ t -------------- \ n " ) ;
	printf ( " \ t \ t \ t 7 | 8 | 9 \ n \ n " ) ; 
	printf ( " - \ t - \ t - \ t - \ t - \ t- \ t - \ t - \ t - \ t - \ n \ n " ) ;
	return ;
}

上述函数即 void showInstruction 将演示说明，例如选择一个编号为 1 到 9 的单元格，如下所示并进行游戏。

void initialize ( char board [ ] [ SIDE ] , int moves [ ] )
{
	// Initiate the random number generator so that
	// the same configuration doesn't arises
	srand ( time ( NULL ) ) ;
	// Initially the board is empty
	for ( int i = 0 ; i < SIDE ; i + + )
	{
		for (int j = 0 ; j < SIDE ; j + + )
			board [ i ] [ j ] =  ' ' ;
	}
	// Fill the moves with numbers
	for ( int i = 0 ; i < SIDE * SIDE ;  i +  + )
		moves [ i ] = I ; 
	// randomise the moves
	random_shuffle ( moves , moves + SIDE * SIDE ) ; 
	return ;
}

上述函数即 void initialize 将初始化随机数，以避免出现相同的配置，并且棋盘最初是空的。

void declareWinner ( int whoseTurn )
{
	if ( whoseTurn == COMPUTER )
		printf ( " COMPUTER has won \ n " ) ;
	else
		printf ( " HUMAN has won \ n " ) ;
	return ;
}

此函数即 void declareWinner 将宣布游戏的赢家，无论是计算机赢还是人类赢。

bool rowCrossed ( char board [ ] [ SIDE ] )
{
	for ( int i=0 ; i < SIDE ; i + + )
	{
		if (board [ i ] [ 0 ] == board [ i ] [ 1 ] &&
			board [ i ] [ 1 ] == board [ i ] [ 2 ] &&
			board [ i ] [ 0 ] != ' ' )
			return ( true ) ;
	}
	return ( false ) ;
}

上述函数即 bool rowCrossed 将返回 true 或 false，如果任何一行被玩家的移动穿过。

bool columnCrossed ( char board [ ] [ SIDE ] )
{
	for (int i = 0 ; i < SIDE ; i + + )
	{
		if (board [ 0 ] [ i ] == board [ 1 ] [ i ] &&
			board [ 1 ] [ i ] == board [ 2 ] [ i ] &&
			board [ 0 ] [ i ] != ' ' )
			return ( true ) ;
	}
	return ( false ) ;
}

上述函数即 bool columnCrossed 将返回 true 或 false，如果任何一列被玩家的移动穿过。

bool diagonalCrossed(char board[][SIDE])
{
	if (board[0][0] == board[1][1] &&
		board[1][1] == board[2][2] &&
		board[0][0] != ' ')
		return(true); 
	if (board[0][2] == board[1][1] &&
		board[1][1] == board[2][0] &&
		board[0][2] != ' ')
		return(true); 
	return(false);
}

上述函数即 bool diagonalCrossed 将返回 true 或 false，如果任何对角线被玩家的移动穿过。

bool gameOver ( char board [ ] [ SIDE ] )
{
	return ( rowCrossed ( board ) || columnCrossed ( board ) || diagonalCrossed ( board ) ) ;
}

上述函数即 bool gameOver 将返回 true 或 false，如果游戏结束。

void playTicTacToe ( int whoseTurn )
{
	// A 3 * 3 Tic-Tac-Toe board for playing
	char board [ SIDE ] [ SIDE ] ;
	int moves [ SIDE * SIDE ] ;
	// Initialise the game
	initialise ( board , moves ) ;
	// Show the instructions before playing
	showInstructions ( ) ;
	int moveIndex = 0 , x , y ;
	// Keep playing till the game is over or it is a draw
	while ( gameOver ( board ) == false &&
			moveIndex != SIDE * SIDE )
	{
		if ( whoseTurn == COMPUTER )
		{
			x = moves [ moveIndex ] / SIDE ;
			y = moves [ moveIndex ] % SIDE ;
			board [ x ] [ y ] = COMPUTERMOVE ;
			printf ( " COMPUTER has put a % c in cell % d \ n " , COMPUTERMOVE , moves [ moveIndex ] + 1 ) ;
			showBoard ( board ) ;
			moveIndex + + ;
			whoseTurn = HUMAN ;
		}
		else if ( whoseTurn == HUMAN )
		{
			x = moves [ moveIndex ] / SIDE ;
			y = moves [ moveIndex ] % SIDE ;
			board [ x ] [ y ] = HUMANMOVE ;
			printf ( " HUMAN has put a % c in cell % d \ n " , HUMANMOVE , moves [ moveIndex] + 1 ) ;
			showBoard ( board ) ;
			moveIndex + + ;
			whoseTurn = COMPUTER ;
		}
	}
	// If the game has drawn
	if ( gameOver ( board ) == false && moveIndex == SIDE * SIDE )
		printf ( " It's a draw \ n " ) ;
	else
	{
		// Toggling the user to declare the actual
		// winner
		if ( whoseTurn == COMPUTER )
			whoseTurn = HUMAN ;
		else if ( whoseTurn == HUMAN )
			whoseTurn = COMPUTER ; 
		// Declare the winner
		declareWinner ( whoseTurn ) ;
	}

上述函数即 void playTictacToe 将是玩井字游戏的主函数。

C++ 中的井字游戏程序

// A C++ Program to play tic-tac-toe
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define COMPUTER 1
#define HUMAN 2
#define SIDE 3 // Length of the board
// Computer will move with 'O'
// and human with 'X'
#define COMPUTERMOVE 'O'
#define HUMANMOVE 'X'
// A function to show the current board status
void showBoard(char board[][SIDE])
{
    printf("\n\n");

    printf("\t\t\t %c | %c | %c \n", board[0][0],
           board[0][1], board[0][2]);
    printf("\t\t\t--------------\n");
    printf("\t\t\t %c | %c | %c \n", board[1][0],
           board[1][1], board[1][2]);
    printf("\t\t\t--------------\n");
    printf("\t\t\t %c | %c | %c \n\n", board[2][0],
           board[2][1], board[2][2]);

    return;
}

// A function to show the instructions
void showInstructions()
{
    printf("\t\t\t Tic-Tac-Toe\n\n");
    printf("Choose a cell numbered from 1 to 9 as below"
           " and play\n\n");

    printf("\t\t\t 1 | 2 | 3 \n");
    printf("\t\t\t--------------\n");
    printf("\t\t\t 4 | 5 | 6 \n");
    printf("\t\t\t--------------\n");
    printf("\t\t\t 7 | 8 | 9 \n\n");

    printf("-\t-\t-\t-\t-\t-\t-\t-\t-\t-\n\n");

    return;
}

// A function to initialise the game
void initialise(char board[][SIDE], int moves[])
{
    // Initiate the random number generator so that
    // the same configuration doesn't arises
    srand(time(NULL));

    // Initially the board is empty
    for (int i = 0; i < SIDE; i++)
    {
        for (int j = 0; j < SIDE; j++)
            board[i][j] = ' ';
    }

    // Fill the moves with numbers
    for (int i = 0; i < SIDE * SIDE; i++)
        moves[i] = i;

    // randomise the moves
    random_shuffle(moves, moves + SIDE * SIDE);

    return;
}

// A function to declare the winner of the game
void declareWinner(int whoseTurn)
{
    if (whoseTurn == COMPUTER)
        printf("COMPUTER has won\n");
    else
        printf("HUMAN has won\n");
    return;
}

// A function that returns true if any of the row
// is crossed with the same player's move
bool rowCrossed(char board[][SIDE])
{
    for (int i = 0; i < SIDE; i++)
    {
        if (board[i][0] == board[i][1] &&
            board[i][1] == board[i][2] &&
            board[i][0] != ' ')
            return (true);
    }
    return (false);
}

// A function that returns true if any of the column
// is crossed with the same player's move
bool columnCrossed(char board[][SIDE])
{
    for (int i = 0; i < SIDE; i++)
    {
        if (board[0][i] == board[1][i] &&
            board[1][i] == board[2][i] &&
            board[0][i] != ' ')
            return (true);
    }
    return (false);
}

// A function that returns true if any of the diagonal
// is crossed with the same player's move
bool diagonalCrossed(char board[][SIDE])
{
    if (board[0][0] == board[1][1] &&
        board[1][1] == board[2][2] &&
        board[0][0] != ' ')
        return (true);

    if (board[0][2] == board[1][1] &&
        board[1][1] == board[2][0] &&
        board[0][2] != ' ')
        return (true);

    return (false);
}

// A function that returns true if the game is over
// else it returns a false
bool gameOver(char board[][SIDE])
{
    return (rowCrossed(board) || columnCrossed(board) || diagonalCrossed(board));
}

// A function to play Tic-Tac-Toe
void playTicTacToe(int whoseTurn)
{
    // A 3*3 Tic-Tac-Toe board for playing
    char board[SIDE][SIDE];

    int moves[SIDE * SIDE];

    // Initialise the game
    initialise(board, moves);

    // Show the instructions before playing
    showInstructions();

    int moveIndex = 0, x, y;

    // Keep playing till the game is over or it is a draw
    while (gameOver(board) == false &&
           moveIndex != SIDE * SIDE)
    {
        if (whoseTurn == COMPUTER)
        {
            x = moves[moveIndex] / SIDE;
            y = moves[moveIndex] % SIDE;
            board[x][y] = COMPUTERMOVE;
            printf("COMPUTER has put a %c in cell %d\n",
                   COMPUTERMOVE, moves[moveIndex] + 1);
            showBoard(board);
            moveIndex++;
            whoseTurn = HUMAN;
        }

        else if (whoseTurn == HUMAN)
        {
            x = moves[moveIndex] / SIDE;
            y = moves[moveIndex] % SIDE;
            board[x][y] = HUMANMOVE;
            printf("HUMAN has put a %c in cell %d\n",
                   HUMANMOVE, moves[moveIndex] + 1);
            showBoard(board);
            moveIndex++;
            whoseTurn = COMPUTER;
        }
    }

    // If the game has drawn
    if (gameOver(board) == false &&
        moveIndex == SIDE * SIDE)
        printf("It's a draw\n");
    else
    {
        // Toggling the user to declare the actual
        // winner
        if (whoseTurn == COMPUTER)
            whoseTurn = HUMAN;
        else if (whoseTurn == HUMAN)
            whoseTurn = COMPUTER;

        // Declare the winner
        declareWinner(whoseTurn);
    }
    return;
}

// Driver program
int main()
{
    // Let us play the game with COMPUTER starting first
    playTicTacToe(COMPUTER);

    return (0);
}

输出

Tic-Tac-Toe

Choose a cell numbered from 1 to 9 as below and play
              1 | 2  | 3  
            - - - - - - - -
              4 | 5  | 6  
            - - - - - - - - 
              7 | 8  | 9  
-    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -
COMPUTER has put a O in cell 6
                |    |    
            - - - - - - - -
                |    | O  
            - - - - - - - -
                |    |    
HUMAN has put a X in cell 7
                |    |    
            - - - - - - - -
                |    | O  
            - - - - - - - -
              X |    |    



COMPUTER has put a O in cell 5
                |    |    
            - - - - - - - -
                | O  | O  
            - - - - - - - -
              X |    |    
HUMAN has put a X in cell 1
              X |    |    
            - - - - - - - -
                | O  | O  
            - - - - - - - -
              X |    |    
COMPUTER has put a O in cell 9
              X |    |    
            - - - - - - - -
                | O  | O  
            - - - - - - - -
              X |    | O  
HUMAN has put a X in cell 8
              X |    |    
            - - - - - - - -
                | O  | O  
            - - - - - - - -
              X | X  | O  

COMPUTER has put a O in cell 4
              X |    |    
            - - - - - - - -
              O | O  | O  
            - - - - - - - -
              X | X  | O  
COMPUTER has won

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