列表数据结构

2025年3月17日 | 阅读18分钟

列表可以定义为一个抽象数据类型，其中元素以有序的方式存储，以便更轻松高效地检索元素。列表数据结构允许重复，这意味着单个数据可以在列表中出现不止一次。对于同一数据的多个条目，该重复数据的每个条目都应被视为一个单独的项目或条目。它与数组非常相似，但数组和列表数据结构之间的主要区别在于，数组仅存储同构数据，而列表（在某些编程语言中）可以在其对象中存储异构数据项。列表数据结构也称为序列。

列表可以称为动态大小的数组，这意味着当我们继续向其中添加数据时，它们的尺寸会增大，并且我们无需预先定义列表的静态大小。

例如：

numbers = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

在此示例中，'numbers' 是列表数据结构对象的名称，它存储了五个项。在名为 numbers 的对象中，我们存储了所有数值类型的元素。在列表中，索引从零开始，这意味着如果我们想访问或检索此列表的第一个元素，则需要使用索引零，同样，当我们想从名为 numbers 的列表中访问任何元素时。换句话说，我们可以说元素 1 位于索引 0，元素 2 位于索引 1，依此类推，所有后续元素。

Mixed_data = [205, 'Nirnay', 8.56]

在此第二个示例中，mixed_data 是存储不同类型数据的列表对象的名称。在 mixed_data 列表中，我们存储了三种类型的数据，第一种是整数类型，即 id '205'，在整数数据之后，我们存储了一个字符串类型的数据，值为 'Nirnay'，存储在索引 1 处，最后在索引值为 2 处，我们存储了一个浮点类型的数据，值为 '8.56'。

要访问 mixed_data 列表的元素，我们需要遵循与上一个示例中定义的相同方法。

我们可以向这些定义的列表对象添加更多数据，这些数据将被附加到列表的末尾。例如，如果我们向 mixed_data 列表添加另一个数据，它将被附加到值为 '8.56' 的浮点值对象之后。并且我们可以向这些列表对象添加重复的值。

列表数据结构的各种操作

在列表数据结构或序列上执行的各种操作是

添加或插入操作：在添加或插入操作中，将新项（任何数据类型）添加到列表数据结构或序列对象中。
替换或重新赋值操作：在替换或重新赋值操作中，将列表对象中已存在的的值更改或修改。换句话说，将一个新值添加到已存在值所在特定索引处。
删除或移除操作：在删除或移除操作中，将已存在的元素从字典或关联数组对象中删除或移除。
查找或检索操作：在查找或检索操作中，获取存储在列表数据结构或序列对象中的元素。

现在，让我们看看列表数据结构或序列在不同编程语言中的用法。

Python

一个用于在列表数据结构或序列对象上执行所有基本四种操作（创建、更新、删除和更新）的示例 Python 代码。

代码

# python code to implement all the basic functionalities on an object of list named roll_nos

# a list object named roll_nos is created that will store all the roll nos in it
roll_nos = list()

# a fucntion named add_roll_no is created to add new data in the list object named roll_nos
def add_roll_no():

	# data is taken from the user
	data = int(input('Enter the roll no that you want to add to the list : '))

	# data entered by the user is appended to the list object named roll_nos
	roll_nos.append(data)
# a fucntion named delete_roll_no is created to delete data from the list object named roll_nos
def delete_roll_no():
	data = int(input('Enter the roll no that you want to delete or remove from the list : '))

	# data is removed from the list object named roll_nos with the use of remove()
	roll_nos.remove(data)
# a fucntion named add_roll_no is created to print all the data present in the list object named roll_nos
def print_roll_nos():
	print('Contents of the Roll No List are : ')
	# a for loop is used to iterate through the list object
	for i in roll_nos:
		print(i, end=' ')

	print()
# a function named add_roll_no is created to update the already existing data in the list object named roll_nos
def update_roll_no():

	# the old data and the new data is taken as input from the user in two variables named old_data and new_data respectively 

	old_data = int(input('Enter the old roll no that you want to update : '))
	new_data = int(input('Enter the new roll no that you want to add : '))

	# logic for updating the data in the list object named roll_nos
	for index, data in enumerate(roll_nos):
		if old_data == data:
			roll_nos[index] = new_data
			break

# a main fucntion is created to call all the functionalitiy fucntions written above
def main():

	print('Add Data to the List Object::')
	# add_roll_no fucntion is called to add or append the new data to the list object named roll_nos six times
	add_roll_no()
	add_roll_no()
	add_roll_no()
	add_roll_no()
	add_roll_no()
	add_roll_no()

	# added is printed by calling the print_roll_nos fucntion
	print_roll_nos()

	print()
	print('Update Data from the List Object::')
	# already existing data is updated to by calling the update_roll_no fucntion
	update_roll_no()
	# printing the data after update operation by calling the print_roll_nos fucntion
	print('The Result after updating the List Object::')
	print_roll_nos()


	print()
	print('Delete Data from the List Object::')
	# some data is deleted from the list object named roll_nos by calling the delete_roll_no fucntion
	delete_roll_no()
	# printing the data after delete operation by calling the print_roll_nos fucntion
	print('The Result after delete operation on the List Object::')
	print_roll_nos()



# the main fucntion is called in order to execute all the fucntions that will perfrom different operations on the list object 
if __name__ == '__main__':
	main()

输出

Add Data to the List Object::
Enter the roll no that you want to add to the list: 101
Enter the roll no that you want to add to the list: 103
Enter the roll no that you want to add to the list: 107
Enter the roll no that you want to add to the list: 108
Enter the roll no that you want to add to the list: 124
Enter the roll no that you want to add to the list: 112
Contents of the Roll No List are : 
101 103 107 108 124 112 

Update Data from the List Object::
Enter the old roll no that you want to update: 103
Enter the new roll no that you want to add: 104
The result after updating the List Object::
Contents of the Roll No List are : 
101 104 107 108 124 112 

Delete Data from the List Object::
Enter the roll no that you want to delete or remove from the list: 124
The result after delete operation on the List Object::
Contents of the Roll No List are : 
101 104 107 108 112

在上面的代码中，我们可以看到所有基本函数，如向列表对象插入数据、从列表对象读取数据、删除列表对象以及更新列表对象中的数据都已成功执行。所写代码的流程是，首先，我们将六个学号添加到名为 roll_nos 的列表对象中。成功向列表对象插入数据后，我们通过打印列表对象的所有元素来确认插入。打印后，列表对象的内容或元素将被更新。在本例中，我们将索引为 0 的数据（值为 103）更新并替换为 104，然后打印更新后的列表对象内容。更新后，我们从列表对象中删除了一个元素。在本例中，我们删除了值为 124 的元素，然后打印了剩余的列表。

Java

一个用于在列表数据结构或序列对象上执行所有基本四种操作（创建、更新、删除和更新）的示例 Java 代码。

代码

// a sample java code to implement all the basic functionalities on an object of list named names

// List class is imported from util package for use in the program
import java.util.List;
// ArrayList class is imported from util package for use in the program
import java.util.ArrayList;
// Scanner class is imported from util package for use in the program
import java.util.Scanner;
// A class named ListClass is created that will have four Function named add_data, print_data, update_data, and remove_data 
// that will perform the insertion, displaying, updation, and deletion operation respectively on the List object named names
class ListClass{
	// a static List object named names is created in which we store the names entered by the user 
	static List<String> names = new ArrayList<String>();

	// an object of Scanner class is also created to take input from the console
	static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

	// a Function named add_data is created to take input from the user with the help of the Scanner class object and then add that data to the List object
	public static void add_data(){

		// the input data will be temporary stored in the String object named data
		String data = null;

		System.out.println("Enter the name to be added in the list object : ");
		data = sc.nextLine();

		// data is added to the List object named names with the help of the add() Function
		names.add(data);

	}
	// a Function named print_data to display all the data that is present in the List object named names
	public static void print_data(){

		System.out.println();
		System.out.println("The data in the List Object is : ");
		// a for loop is used to iterate through the names object
		for(int index=0; index<names.size(); index++){

			System.out.print(names.get(index));
			System.out.print("\n");

		}
		System.out.println();		
	}
	// a Function named update_data is created that will be used to update or modify the already existing data present in the List object
	public static void update_data(){

		String old_data = null;
		String new_data = null;

		// the old data and the new data is taken as input from the user in two variables named old_data and new_data respectively 
		System.out.println("Enter the old data that needs to be updated : ");
		old_data = sc.nextLine();

		System.out.println("Enter the new data that will be updated : ");
		new_data = sc.nextLine();

		// the index of the old_data is found with the help of the indexOf() Function
		int sourceIndex = 0;
		sourceIndex = names.indexOf(old_data);
		// data is updated in the names list using the set() Function
		names.set(sourceIndex,new_data);
	}
	// a Function named remove_data is created to delete or remove the data present in the List object named names
	public static void remove_data(){
		String data = null;
		System.out.println("Enter the name to be deleted from the list object : ");
		data = sc.nextLine();
		// data is remove with the help of the remove() Function
		names.remove(data);

	}

}// end of ListClass class

//The main class is created to call the Function that is present in the ListClass class
class Main{


	// main function starts
	public static void main(String[] nk) {
		

		// An object of the ListClass class is created to call the Function that are present in the ListClass class
		ListClass object = new ListClass();

		// The add_data() Function is called five times to add data in the names object
		System.out.println("Enter data in the Data in the List Object :: ");
		object.add_data();
		object.add_data();
		object.add_data();
		object.add_data();
		object.add_data();

		// The print_data() Function is called to print data that is present in the List object named names
		object.print_data();
		System.out.println();


		// The update_data() Function is called to update or modify the already existing data
		System.out.println("Update the Data that is present in the List Object :: ");
		object.update_data();
		// The List is printed with the updated contents after the Update Operation
		System.out.println("The Result after the Update Operation :: ");
		object.print_data();
		System.out.println();


		// The remove_data() Function is called to remove or delete the data present in the List object named names 
		System.out.println("Delete a data that is present in the List Object :: ");
		object.remove_data();
		// The List is printed with the updated contents after the Delete Operation
		System.out.println("The Result after the Delete Operation :: ");
		object.print_data();
		System.out.println();


	}// main function ends
}// end of main class

输出

Enter data in the Data in the List Object:: 
Enter the name to be added in the list object : 
Andrew
Enter the name to be added in the list object : 
Simon
Enter the name to be added in the list object : 
Paul
Enter the name to be added in the list object : 
Nirnay
Enter the name to be added in the list object : 
Dexteer

The data in the List Object is : 
Andrew
Simon
Paul
Nirnay
Dexteer


Update the Data that is present in the List Object:: 
Enter the old data that needs to be updated : 
Dexteer
Enter the new data that will be updated : 
Dexter
The Result after the Update Operation:: 

The data in the List Object is : 
Andrew
Simon
Paul
Nirnay
Dexter


Delete a data that is present in the List Object:: 
Enter the name to be deleted from the list object : 
Paul
The Result after the Delete Operation:: 

The data in the List Object is : 
Andrew
Simon
Nirnay
Dexter

在上面的代码中，我们可以看到所有基本函数，如向列表对象插入数据、从列表对象读取数据、删除列表对象以及更新列表对象中的数据都已成功执行。所写代码的流程是，首先，我们将五个人的名字添加到名为 names 的列表对象中。成功向列表对象插入数据后，我们通过打印列表对象的所有元素来确认插入。打印后，列表对象的内容或元素将被更新。在本例中，我们将最后一个索引处的数据（值为 'Dexteer'）更新并替换为 'Dexter'，然后通过调用 print_names() 函数打印更新后的列表对象内容。更新后，我们从列表对象中删除了一个元素。在本例中，我们删除了名为 paul 的元素，在成功删除名为 'Paul' 的字符串对象后，我们再次通过调用 print_names() 函数打印更新后的列表来确认结果。

C++

一个用于在列表数据结构或序列对象上执行所有基本四种操作（创建、更新、删除和更新）的示例 C++ 代码。

代码

// a sample C++ code to implement all the basic functionalities on an object of list named names

// iostream is included to use the cin and cout objects to take input and print the result to the console respectively.
#include <iostream>
// list library is included to use the List provided by the C++ Standard Template Library
#include <list>
// string is included to store the elements in the List object in the string format with the use of this library
#include <string>
// the iterator library is included to iterate through the List object created 
// The traversal operation is required in deleting an element from the List object, updating an element in the List object, and printing the elements of the List object
#include <iterator>
using namespace std;
// an object of the List is created by the name 'names' that will be used to store the names that will be entered by the user
list<string> names;
// a Function named add_names is created to take input from the user with the help of cin object and then add that data to the List object named names
void add_names(string data){
	// the data is added in the names list with the help of push_back() Function
	names.push_back(data);
}
// a Function named print_names is created to display all the data that is present in the List object named names
void print_names(){
	// An iterator named 'it' is created to iterate through the List object named names
	list<string> :: iterator it;
	for(it = names.begin(); it != names.end(); ++it){
	    cout << *it;
	    cout<< std::endl;
	}
	cout << '\n';
}

// a Function named update_name is created that will be used to update or modify the already existing data present in the List object named names
void update_name(string old_data, string new_data){
	// First we iterate through the List object named names
	for (auto it = names.rbegin(); it != names.rend(); it++) {
		// when our current data in the List object is matched with the search key data that is stored in the variable named old_data  
	    if (*it == old_data) {
	    	// after the match the new data stored in the new_data variable is updated at that location
			*it = new_data;
		}
	}
}
// a Function named delete_data is created to delete or remove the data present in the List object named names
void delete_data(string data){
	// An iterator named 'it' is created to iterate through the List object named names
	list<string> :: iterator it =  names.begin();

	while(1){

		// when our current data in the List object is matched with the search key data that is stored in the variable named data 
		if(*it==data){

			// after the match the data to be deleted is removed from the List object with the use of the erase() Function
			names.erase(it);
			
			// after calling the erase() Function the while loop is broken in order to avoid further not required iterations
			break;
		}
		// if the match is not found then the iterator is incremented by one value to move its location to the next element of the List object
		++it;
	}
}

// main Function is written to call all these fucntions 
int main(){


	// the input is taken and add_names() Function is called five to add data to the List object named names
	cout<<"Enter Data in the List Object::";
	cout<<std::endl;
	string input;
	cout<<"Enter the name to be added to the List Object : ";
	cout<<std::endl;
	cin>>input;
	add_names(input);
	cout<<"Enter the name to be added to the List Object : ";
	cout<<std::endl;
	cin>>input;
	add_names(input);
	cout<<"Enter the name to be added to the List Object : ";
	cout<<std::endl;
	cin>>input;
	add_names(input);
	cout<<"Enter the name to be added to the List Object : ";
	cout<<std::endl;
	cin>>input;
	add_names(input);
	cout<<"Enter the name to be added to the List Object : ";
	cout<<std::endl;
	cin>>input;
	add_names(input);

	// Printing the data by calling the print_names() Function after sucessful addition to the List
	cout<<"The data in the List Object::"<<std::endl;
	print_names();

	// Two variables named data_to_update and data_to_add are declared that will be passed as parameters to the update_name() Function
	string data_to_update;
	string data_to_add;
	cout<<"Enter the already existing data that you want to update from the List Object:: ";
	cout<<std::endl;
	cin>>data_to_update;
	cout<<"Enter the data that you want to add to the List Object::";
	cout<<std::endl;
	cin>>data_to_add;

	// After taking input in the data_to_add and data_to_update variables teh update_name() Function is called by passing these variables as parameters to this fucntion to update the already existing data in the List object named names
	update_name(data_to_update,data_to_add);
	
	// after the sucessful updation of the elements of the List object named names the updated contents are printed calling the print_names() Function 
	cout<<"Result after the Update operation::";
	cout<<std::endl;
	print_names();
	// One string variable named delete_key is declared that will be passed as a parameter to the delete_data() Function
	string delete_key;
	cout<<"Enter the element from the List Object that you want to delete or remove::";
	cout<<std::endl;
	cin>>delete_key;

	// After taking input in the delete_key variable the delete_data() Function is called by passing this variable as parameter to this fucntion to delete the already existing data in the List object named names
	delete_data(delete_key);

	// after the sucessful deletion of the elements of the List object named names the updated contents are printed calling the print_names() Function 
	cout<<"Result after the Delete or Remove operation::";
	cout<<std::endl;
	print_names();
	return 0;
}// end of the main function

输出

上述代码的输出是

Enter Data in the List Object::
Enter the name to be added to the List Object : 
Alex
Enter the name to be added to the List Object : 
Andrew
Enter the name to be added to the List Object : 
Pete
Enter the name to be added to the List Object : 
Samuel
Enter the name to be added to the List Object : 
Pauil
The data in the List Object::
Alex
Andrew
Pete
Samuel
Pauil

Enter the already existing data that you want to update from the List Object:: 
Pauil
Enter the data that you want to add to the List Object::
Paul
The result after the Update operation::
Alex
Andrew
Pete
Samuel
Paul

Enter the element from the List Object that you want to delete or remove::
Andrew
Result after the Delete or Remove operation::
Alex
Pete
Samuel
Paul

在上面的代码中，我们可以看到所有基本函数，如向列表对象插入数据、从列表对象读取数据、删除列表对象以及更新列表对象中的数据都已成功执行。所写代码的流程是，首先，我们将五个人的名字添加到名为 names 的列表对象中。成功向列表对象插入数据后，我们通过打印列表对象的所有元素来确认插入。打印后，列表对象的内容或元素将被更新。在本例中，我们将最后一个索引处的数据（值为 'Pauil'）更新并替换为 'Paul'，然后通过调用 print_names() 函数打印更新后的列表对象内容。更新后，我们从列表对象中删除了一个元素。在本例中，我们删除了名为 paul 的元素，在成功删除名为 'Paul' 的字符串对象后，我们再次通过调用 print_names() 函数打印更新后的列表来确认结果。

JavaScript

一个用于在列表数据结构或序列对象上执行所有基本四种操作（创建、更新、删除和更新）的示例 JavaScript 代码。

代码

const car_names = [];
	var index = 0;
	// a Function named add_names is created to take input from the user with the help of cin object and then add that data to the List object named names
	function add_data(data){
		car_names[index] = data;
		index++;
	}
	// a Function named print_names is created to display all the data that is present in the List object named names
	function print_data(){
		console.log(car_names);
	}
	// a Function named update_name is created that will be used to update or modify the already existing data present in the List object named names
	function update_data(key, new_data){
		var new_index = car_names.indexOf(key);
		car_names[new_index]=new_data; 
	// a Function named delete_data is created to delete or remove the data present in the List object named names
	function delete_data(key){
		var key_index = car_names.indexOf(key);
	  	if (key_index > -1) {
	    	car_names.splice(key_index, 1);
	  	}
	}

	// main Function is written to call all these fucntions 
	function main(){

		// the add_data() fucntion is called 5 times to add the names of the cars
		add_data("BMW");
		add_data("Ferrari");
		add_data("Aston Martin");
		add_data("Land Rover");
		add_data("Audii");

		// the data is printed after adding five elements to the List object named car_names
		console.log("The Data in the list is :: ")
		print_data();

		// after the sucessful updation of the elements of the List object named car_names the updated contents are printed calling the print_data() Function 
		console.log("The Data in the list after the  sucessful Update Operation is :: ")
		update_data("Audii","Audi")
		print_data();

		// after the sucessful deletion of the elements of the List object named car_names the updated contents are printed calling the print_data() Function
		console.log("The Data in the list after the  sucessful Delete Operation is :: ")
		delete_data("BMW");
		print_data();
	}

	main();

输出

上述代码的输出是

The Data in the list after the  sucessful Insertion Operation is :: 
[ 'BMW', 'Ferrari', 'Aston Martin', 'Land Rover', 'Audii' ]
The Data in the list after the  sucessful Update Operation is :: 
[ 'BMW', 'Ferrari', 'Aston Martin', 'Land Rover', 'Audi' ]
The Data in the list after the  sucessful Delete Operation is :: 
[ 'Ferrari', 'Aston Martin', 'Land Rover', 'Audi' ]

在上面的代码中，我们可以看到所有基本函数，如向列表对象插入数据、从列表对象读取数据、删除列表对象以及更新列表对象中的数据都已成功执行。所写代码的流程是，首先，我们将五个汽车名称添加到名为 car_names 的列表对象中。成功向列表对象插入数据后，我们通过打印列表对象的所有元素来确认插入。打印后，列表对象的内容或元素将被更新。更新后，我们从列表对象中删除了一个元素。我们再次通过调用 print_data() 函数打印更新后的列表来确认结果。

因此，本文介绍了列表数据结构以及我们可以在列表数据结构对象上执行的基本函数或操作。我们还理解了列表数据结构在 Java、Python 和 C++ 等各种编程语言中的用法，以及执行此数据结构基本操作所需的功能。除了这些示例，还有各种可以使用列表数据结构的场景。最理想的场景是需要将数据存储在单个序列对象中。

下一主题树在数据结构中的类型

列表数据结构

Python

Java

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